Performance Enhancement of Specific Adsorbents for Hardness Reduction of Drinking Water and Groundwater

One of the most advantageous methods for lowering water hardness is use low-cost adsorbents. In this research, effectiveness natural zeolite (clinoptilolite type), activated carbon, and alumina was evaluated. These adsorbents were sequentially modified by NaCl, HCl, NaCl-HCL to improve their ability adsorb. The contact time amount adsorbent used in adsorption process investigated experimentally determine effects. results indicated that best reduction 90 min, concentrations drinking zeolite, 40, 60, 60 g/L, respectively. addition, groundwater, these figures 40 greatest possible decreases total under conditions 93.07%, 30.76%, 56.92%, respectively, 59.23%, 15.67 %, 39.72% groundwater. According obtained from experiments, NaCl-modified NaCl-HCl-modified carbon performed better terms parameter reduction. equilibrium data well fitted Langmuir isotherm model, whereas kinetic consistent with pseudo-second-order model. study Morris–Weber model revealed both chemical physical are involved.